1980??? 1990?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????.

??? ???? ???? ???? 1960???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????.

??? ?? 1990?? ???? ???? 2000??? ??? ��???(Goals) 2000��? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????(Standards-based reform), ? ??? ???? ????? ?(Improving America��s Schools Act)?? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??, ??? ? ? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????.

LA ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? 9?? ??? ??(Principles of Learning)? ?? ?? ??(effort-based)? ???(equity-centered) ????? ??? ?(standards-focused), ??? ???? ???(data-driven) ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????.

???? ??, ?? ??, ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ??(teaching and learning) ??? ?? ????? ????. ??? ??(research-based), ?? ????? ??(practice-validated) ???????.

?? ?? ?? ???(instructional leader)??? ??? ? ??? ??????, ? ??? ??(culture)? ?? ???? ????(collaboration) ??, ? ????(communication), ??? ???? ??(consistency)? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???.

??? ??? ? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ??, ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ? ????.

?? ?? ??? ??? ??? "??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??"(learner centered and learning centered school), ? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ????, ? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????.

?? ???? ?? ??? ??(a community of learners)? ?? ?? ??(attitude), ??(skills), ??(knowledge), ??(application)? ????? ??? ???, ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????.

????? ?? ??(rule-driven)? ????, ?? ?? ?? ???(results-driven) ????? ????? ???? ????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ????(banked time) ?????(staff development days)? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????(LA ?????? ??).

??? ??? 2??? 1?? ?? ??(mentor teachers)? ? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???. ?? ???(instructional leader)??, ??? ???(resource providers)??? ??? ???? ? ? ????, ???? ? ? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ��??? ???? ? ???? ??��(top-down support) ?? ��????? ??? ??��(bottom-up reform)? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????.