?? ???? ????? ??? ????(Industrial Engineering ?? Manufacturing Engineering), ????(Materials Engineering) ??? ????(Biomedical Engineering ?? Bioengineering) ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??.

? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???, ???? ???? ??? ? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???.

��????

????(Industrial Engineering ?? Manufacturing Engineering)? ??, ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???. ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??, ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ? ????.

? ?? ????? ? ???? ????? ????? ? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??. ? ????? ??? ??, ??, ??, ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ? ???? ????.

??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???. ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???, ???, ??? ???? ??(Personnel and Human Resources), ???, ?? ???(Public Safety and Security) ?? ??? ???? ???.

? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??.

?? ??? ??? ??? ???? 1998?? 12?6,000??? ?? ?????? ??. ?? 70% ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??, ????, ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??. ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??(engineering and management services), ????(utilities), ?? ??? ???? ???? ??.

?? ????? 1? ?? ??? 1998?? 5?2,610????, ?? ?? 10%? 3?5,250??, ??? ?? 10%? 8?7,010?? ??? ?? ??. ?? ??????? ????? 1999?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? 4?3,100????.

?? ????? ?? ??? 2008??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??. 1?? ? 3,500~4,000??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??.

��????

????(Materials Engineering)? ??? ??(computer chips)???? ???? ???, ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????.

???? ????? ??, ???(ceramics), ????, ??????(semiconductors), ??? ???(composites)?? ????? ???, ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??, ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????.

?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????(metallurgical engineers)? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ????(ceramics engineers)?? ??.

???? 1998?? 2???? ?? ????? ??. ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????, ??????, ????, ????? ??? ?? ??? ??, ?, ? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??. ?? ????? ?? ??? 2008??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??. ??? 1?? 900~1,000??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??.

?? ????? 1? ?? ??? 1998?? 5?7,970???? ?? ??10%? 3?4,890??, ??? ?? 10%? 8?9,600?? ??? ??.
?? ????? ?????? 1999?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? 4?3,400????.

��????

????(Biomedical Engineering ?? Bioengineering)? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????. ??? ? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??, ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??.

????? ?? ? ??? ?? Johns Hopkins ??? ????? ????.

? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ? ???? ??? ??? ??. ?? ??, X-Ray? MRI ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??, ??? ??, ???, ???? ??, ????(wheel-chair) ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???(therapeutic and prosthetic devices) ?? ????? ????.

???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????, ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??, ?? ???? ?? ????. ? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????.

? ????? ????(Genetic Engineering)?? ?? ????. ??????? ?? ??(?? ??, ??, ?? ?)? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???.

????? ??? ???

Georgia Inst. of Technology
Univ. of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Purdue University
Penn State University
Univ. of California-Berkeley
Texas A&M University
Stanford University(CA)
Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison
Northwestern University(IL)
Virginia Tech
Cornell University
Columbia University
Ohio State University

????? ??? ???

Massachusetts Inst. of Tech.
Stanford University(CA)
University of Illinois
Northwestern University(IL)
Univ. of California-Berkeley
Univ. of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Penn State University
U. of Calif.-Santa Barbara
Cornell University(NY)
University of Florida
Univ. of Minnesota
Rice University(TX)
Univ. of Pennsylvania
Johns Hopkins University

????? ??? ???

Johns Hopkins University(MD)
Massachusetts Inst. of Tech.
Univ. of California-San Diego
Duke University(NC)
University of Washington
Case Western Reserve U.(OH)
Georgia Inst. of Technology
Univ. of Michigan-Ann Arbor
University of Pennsylvania
Univ. of California-Berkeley
Brown University
Northwestern University