???, ???, ????, ????? ?? ???? 9??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???(12?31?) Los Angeles Times? Opinion??? ??????? Howard Gardner(??? ???)? ? ?? ???? ��The Testing Obsession��??? ?? ? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???.

??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? Standford 9(California), Texas Assessment of Academic Skills(Texas), Iowa Test of Basic Skills ?? ??????(National Norm-Referenced Test)? ????? ?????. ????? ????, ??(?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? Rod Paige(?? ???)? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? TAAS(????? ??) ????? ?? ??? ??), ??, ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???Standford 9 ????? ???? Los Angeles Times(????), ????(????)? ?? ???? ????, ? Internet?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????.
???????? ?? Standford 9 ??? ?? API(Academic Performance Index)??? ?? ????? ?? ? ?? ??? Standford 9 ???? ????? ? ???? ??(??, ??, ??, ?? ??)? ??? ?? ?? ????.

?????? ?? ??? ???? ???, ???, ???, ???, ????? ??? ???(Testing Frenzy)? ?? ??? ???. ????, ? ??? ????, ??? ??????, ??? ??? ??? ???(Multiple Choice Test) ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????. ???? ????? ? ??? ??? ???? TAAS(Texas Assessment of Academic Skills)???? ???? ?? ??? ????, ?? ??? ???? ????? ? ?????? ????? ??? NAEP(National Assessment of Educational Progress)??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????(NAEP? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?) ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??(Practicing for the test)?? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ???? ? ???.

???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????, ??, ??, ??, ??, ?? ?? ????? ???, ???, ???, ??? ???? ???(Team Work) ?? ?? ?? ???? ???. ????? ???? ? ?? ???. ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ????. ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ? ??? ????, ????, ????, ???? ?? ? ???? ?? ????(Performance-Based Assessment)?? ? ??? ?? ??? ?????.

Science Fair?? ??? ??? Debating Club(????)? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ?? ??? ?????. ?????(Socrates)? ��Part of being educated is knowing what you don��t know.��(??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????)?? ?????. ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ? ????? ???? ????.

???? ??? ???? ?? ? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???, ? ??? ??(Actual knowledge)? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???.

Standford 9?? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??, ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? ????.